First-principles Study of Spin Transport in Si-C Nanotube

First-principles Study of Spin Transport in Si-C NanotubeFirst-principles study of distortion out transport in Si-C nanotube with ferromagnetic contactsSurendra Jalu summary We perform first-principles calculations of gyrate-dependent quantum transport in a twain-probe device, viz. Fe-SiCNT-Fe device in which (8,0) Si-C nanotube is sandwiched between two Fe electrodes. Substantial burrow magnetoresistance and perfect wrench filtration return ar hold uped. The vigor preconceived idea delve magnetoresistance is found to be several hundred percent, it reduces monotonic every(prenominal)y till the preconception voltage 0.4 V, sees marginal increase at the prejudice of 0.6 V, and eventually goes to nearly vigour aft(prenominal)(prenominal) the twist voltage of about 1 V. The reel injection factor is 100% at the zero persuade, it reduces sharply to 57% at the bias of 0.4 V, and remains reasonably gamey, in the range of 60%-75%, after the bias voltage of 0.6 V when the m agnetic strains of two electrodes are parallel. The spin-dependent non-equilibrium transport features can be understood by analyzing microscopic details of the transmission coecients.Keywords First-principles Tunnel magnetoresistance(TMR) Spin injection One-dimensional Spin dawnI. IntroductionSi-C crystals guide unique properties, including thermal stability, chemical inertness, high thermal conductivity, and others. These properties make Si-C materials an appropriate candidate for fabricating electronic devices operating in high power, high temperature environments. Recently synthesized Si-C nanometer materials, such as nanorods, nanowires and nanotubes, obtain attracted tremendous interest (1-4). These materials obviously broadened the application range of the Si-C crystals, especially in fabricating nanometer gas sensors, electronic devices, field emitters and other novel devices.Silicon carbide nanotubes have a great potential for application in chemical and biological sen sors (Taguchia et al 2005a Xie et al 2007). Recently, scientists have suggested to make silicon carbide nanotubes (SiCNTs) as a possible alternative to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for field emitting applications (Taguchia et al 2005b Alfieri and Kimoto 2010), which has boosted the interest for SiCNTs and several studies on the electronic properties of SiCNTs can be found in the literature (Mavrandonakis et al 2003 Mpourmpakis et al 2006 Larina et al 2007 Muralidharan et al 2007 Wu and Guo 2007 Lakshmi et al 2008 Moradian et al 2008 Raidongia et al 2008 Voggu et al 2008 Wu et al 2008 Manna and Pati 2010 Zheng et al 2010). It is substantially known that CNTs undergo a semiconductor to metal transition (SMT) (Ren et al 2009) or metal to semiconductor transition (MST) (Lu et al 2003) when deformed. Therefore, it is of interest to understand how the semiconducting (8,0) SiCNT would behave when it is brought in contact with ferromagnetic electrodes.On account of essential applications in ma gnetoresistive random access memory 1, programm satisfactory logic elements 2 and magnetic sensors, the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) effects in systems with spin-polarized transport are at the heart of spintronics 3 and attract many theoretical and experimental probes. A basic magnetic tunnel marijuana cigarette (MTJ) device consists of tunnel barrier separating two ferromagnetic (FM) layers which play the role of device leads. During a tunneling process, the spin-up and spin-down electrons from the metal layers traverse the nonmagnetic tunnel barrier with opposite femtometer vagabond function due to electronic structure of the ferromagnetic material. The electrical resistance of MTJ is therefore sensitive to the relative orientation of the magnetic strain of the electrodes, effecting to a TMR 4. Hence, the MTJs behave as spin valves 48. It is possible to control the orientation of magnetic moments by imposing an external magnetic field in e xperiments 9,10. It is important to note that, MgO-based MTJ has progressed at a quick pace in recent years and produced the highest measured TMR at room temperature.When the electrodes and the tunnel barrier are all one-dimensional (1D) materials such as nanowires or nanotubes, it is experimentally feasible to achieve MTJ at the 1D scale. It is worth mentioning that Wang et al. 12 construct a 1D TMJ using Fe-doped carbon nanotubes and theoretically suss out its spin-dependent transport properties. What is a pity that, the zero bias magnetoresistance ratio is only 40%, which may restrict the spintronics applications in nanodevices where the large magnetoresistance ratio is desirable. Here, we theoretically investigate the spin-polarized transport of a 1D MTJ constructed by (8,0) SiCNT in contact with FM(Fe) electrodes. It is discover that (8,0) SiCNTs are semiconducting and we believe that it can be routined as a tunnel barrier for 1D or molecular(a)-scaled MTJ. In our work, We have chosen (8,0) SiCNT as the tunnel barrier and two semi-infinite FM materials, namely Fe, as electrodes. Significant TMR and perfect spin filtration effect are obtained according to the first-principles calculations of spin-polarized quantum transport by adopting non-equilibrium Greens function method combined with density-functional theory. TMR has already led to the construction of the present genesis of magnetic data storage devices. However, in order to reach storage densities of the order of Terabit/inch2, a substantial down-scaling of the read/write devices is extensively expected. Such 1D MTJ and spin filter with diameter less than 1 nm may realize the storage densities of the order of Terabit/inch2 and hold promise for extensive spintronics applications of nanodevices.II. Model and methodOur investigation is based on a recently developed self-consistent first-principles proficiency which combines the Keldysh non-equilibrium Greens-function formalism (NEGF) with a self -consistent density-functional theory (DFT). The package we use is the Atomistix Toolkit 20, which incorporates the NEGF technique into the well tested SIESTA method 21 to realize the simulation of electrical or spin-polarized quantum transport in the molecular conductors under non-equilibrium situations. In the calculation, the local density theme (LDA) in the form of the Perdew and Zunger 22 (perdew burke ernzerhof) exchange-correlation functional is used. Only valence electrons are self-consistently work out, and the atomic cores are described by standard norm conserving pseudopotential 23. The valence wave functions are expanded by the localized numerical (pseudo) atom orbitals 24. The k-points sampling is 3, 3, and 200 in the x, y, and z direction, which has been proven to be enough to nominate the converged results. The crossway criterion for the Hamiltonian, charge density, and band-structure energy is 10-5 via the mixture of the Hamiltonian. The positions of C and Fe atom s at the interface of the device are relaxed until the force tolerance 0.05 eV/ is achieved. The spin-current (spin-polarized charge current) is calculated 25 asI() = e/h T()(E, Vb) F(E L) F(E R) dE RWhere F is the FermiDirac distribution, L and R are the chemical potentials of leave-electrode (L) and right-electrode (R) respectively, T()(E, Vb) is the transmission coecient for spin expect ( , ) at the energy E and bias voltage Vb.While building SiCNT, it is utterly important to use optimum bond-length between Si and C atoms to obtain correct results which in our case, as mentioned in various literatures, is 1.78 . We couldnt find the optimum bond-length between C and Fe atoms in literature but we were able to optimize a geometry that consisted of only a few atoms of Fe and C and this way we found the optimum bond-length between Fe and C atoms to be 2.04 (Fig. 4 (b)). The social unit system (Fig. R) is divided into three parts from left-hand(a) to right in practical theor etical simulations the left electrode, the central scattering region, and the right electrode. The left electrode and right electrode are exactly the same and are made of Fe atoms. Si-C nanotube acts as central scattering region between two electrodes. The whole structure contains 328 atoms (192 Fe, 72 C, 64 Si). 4 (a) 4 (b) Fig. 4(a) Fe-C bond-lengths in non-optimized geometry 4(b) Fe-C bond lengths in optimized geometryFig. 4(c) Fe-SiCNT-Fe deviceIII. results and discussionsFig. 2(a) and (b) plot the currentvoltage (IV) characteristics for the parallel magnetization configuration (PC) and the antiparallel magnetization configuration (APC) of the two electrodes, respectively. In the case of PC, the spin-up current (I) are always much larger than the spin-up current (I). The I increases steeply with bias voltage especially after the bias of 0.8 V while on the other hand I is just about negligibly small compared to I at just about all bias voltages. The total equilibrium conductanc e of 0.0022G0 is found at zero bias, where G0 is the conductance quanta, G0 = 2e2/h. In the case of APC, I and I have almost the same determine at all bias voltages. The total equilibrium conductance of 0.0095G0 is found at zero bias.From the IV curves, we infer a TMR ratio using the public definition TMR = (IAPC IPC)/IAPC, where IPC and IAPC are the total currents in PC and APC, respectively. At Vb = 0 when all currents vanish, we calculate TMR using equilibrium conductance. Fig. 2(c) shows the TMR, where the RTMR 322% at zero bias is obtained, which sharpen in the perfect tunneling magnetoresistance effect. It sharply decreases to 80% at the bias voltage of 0.4 V, sees slight increase at the bias voltage of 0.6 V and gets reduced to almost zero after the bias voltage of 1 V. The TMR decrease with bias voltages because IPC increases at higher rate with bias voltages than IAPC. It is possible for TMR to assume negative encourage but in our case no such behavior is observed. T he device structure presented here indeed has substantial TMR and could be utilized for spintronics applications.The spin-injection factor which is delineate by spin currents = mod(I I) / (I + I) are plotted in Fig. 2(d). At the bias voltage of 0.0 V, the current is 0 A and hence we use the equilibrium conductance represent current. For the case of PC, is 99% at the zero bias, it monotonically reduces to 57%at the bias voltage of 0.4 and it increases and remains fairly wi make out large set once the bias voltage goes beyond 0.4 V. The spin-injection factor is as large as 73% at the bias of 1.2 V and may even rectify at higher bias voltages. For the case of APC, the is meager 49% at the zero bias. Its dramatic that it reaches 85% at the bias voltage of 0.2 V but then it keeps reducing with increase in bias voltages and attains very negligible values at the bias of about 1 V to 1.2 V. From Fig.R it is observed that in the case of PC the spin filtration effect manifests itself very clearly when the bias is above 0.4 V while in the case of APC no such effect is seen. The source of this behavior maybe originates from the quantum size effect which results in the quantized subbands in the cross section of 1D electrode. Detailed analysis is in the below. Spin injection into semiconductors has been measured experimentally using the optical techniques 26,27. Such 1D TMJ controlled spin injection into semiconductors should occur in devices that are smaller than a spin relaxation length in extent and have resistance that is limited by the insulating BNNT.The voltage dependent of spin current, TMR ratio and spin-injection factor can be understood from the behavior of the transmission coecients T (E, Vb) , since the current is essentially given by the energy integral of the T (E, Vb) over the bias window see Eq. (1). The T (E, Vb) for several bias are shown in Fig. 3, where the (a) and (b) are spin-up and spin- down channel of PC setup respectively and the (c) an d (d) arespin-up and spin-down channel of APC setup respectively. For some(prenominal) PC and APC setup, these bias-depended T(E,Vb) have several sharp peaks especially after the bias of 0.35 V, due to quantized subbands in the cross section of the 1D electrodes, already mentioned above. The spin up channel contribute to the T(E,Vb) above the Fermi train and spin-down channel contribute both above and below the Fermi level. Refer to the notation from molecular transport theory 28 we can deduce that the spin-up channel conductance is through the lowest un employed molecular orbital (LUMO) while the spin-down channel conductance is through both the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and LUMO of pristine (6,0) BNNT in scattering region.From Fig. 3(a), one can see that the T (E, Vb) shifts to high energy but roughly maintains its shape when bias increases. The T (E, Vb) are all almost absolutely inhibited in spin-up channels around Fermi level, while in the spin-down channel th e T (E, Vb) is equable and several orders of magnitude larger than in spin-up channel around Fermi level. This is why the I linearly increases while the I is inhibited under the bias of 0.75 V, already discussed above for Fig. 2(a). As the bias increases, the electrochemical potential in the left electrode (L) is shifted down, and that in the right electrode (R) is shifted up. Hence, the bands in the two electrodes are shifted correspondingly 2932. When the bias increase beyond 0.75 V, a little resonance states A1 are induced around Fermi level showed in Fig. 3(a) for the bias of 0.75, 0.95 and 1.15 V, which originate from the alignment of the LUMO of left electrodewith the HOMO of right electrode in spin-up channel because the bands in the two electrodes are shifted. These resonance states significantly enhance as bias increasing, which result in the rapid increase about I after the bias of 0.75 V. Consequently, the rapid increase of I also leads to the rapid decrease about for P C setup after 0.75 V, already discussed above for Fig. 2(c).The bias dependent T (E, Vb) for APC setup are more complex than PC setup. From Fig. 3(c), one can see that the T (E, Vb) in spin-up channel roughly maintains its shape when bias increases. A little resonance states A2 below Fermi level, which presents for the bias of 0.00 and 0.15 V are removed after the bias of 0.15 V. As the bias increase, only a little resonance states above the Fermi level enter to the transport window (i.e., the part of transmission function in the bias window integrated to obtain the current) and contribute to the I, which result in very slow increase of the I. after(prenominal) the bias of 0.15 V, the T (E, Vb) shifts to larger energy and large resonance states are induced around Fermi level due to the alignment of spin-down states around Fermi level of left electrode with HOMO of right electrode in spin-down channel because the bands in the two electrodes are shifted. These induced resonance state s continuously enhance as bias increase, which result in rapid increase of I. Eventually, the total current for APC setup exceed PC setup after the bias of 0.75 V, result in negative RTMR, already discussed above for Fig. 2(c). As mentioned above, the quantum size effect leads to the quantized subbands in the cross section of 1D electrode. Hence, there are two peaks in the induced resonance states around Fermi level after the bias of 0.35 V, showed in Fig. 3(d). When T (E, Vb) continuously shifts to higher energies, these two peaks pass the Fermi level one by one, which cause the oscillation about the spin-down conductance. Thus, the spin injection factor is oscillating with bias in the APC setup.IV. conclusionWe theoretically investigate the spin-polarized transport properties of V atoms doped (6,0) single-wall BNNT using non-equilibrium Greens-function formalism with a self-consistent density- functional theory. The RTMR is as high as 789% at the bias of 0.05 V. It decays to zero and eventually to negative values when bias is increased. The ratio of spin injection is not below 99% until the bias of 0.55 V when the magnetic configurations of two electrodes are parallel. When the magnetic configurations of two electrodes are antiparallel, the ratio of spin injection oscillates with the bias. Our calculations indicate that it could design perfect 1D MTJs and spin filter using TMs doped BNNTs. The perfect TMR effect and spin filter effect are obtained.ReferencesThe template will number citations consecutively within brackets 1. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket 2. Refer simply to the write number, as in 3do not use Ref. 3 or reference 3 except at the beginning of a sentence Reference 3 was the first hail footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it was cited. Do not put footnotes in the reference list. accustom letters for table footnotes.Unless there are six authors or more give all autho rs names do not use et al.. Papers that have not been published, even if they have been submitted for publication, should be cited as unpublished 4. 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